The Hanged Man/Le Pendu is surely among the most disturbing and evocative of the Tarot triumphs. He’s undergoing torture, but seems unwilling to reveal anything about his inner experience (I almost titled this piece, “We have ways of making you talk,” but this is now the title of some TV series). As it turns out he’s got a LOT to communicate to those who have crossed the threshold (XI) of Tarot’s ‘greater mysteries.’ Think of him as the babbling head of Orpheus. So let’s dive in, head first and dissect this frightful, human pendu-lum from toe to head; his mytho-alchemy, number symbolism, religious/cult connotations and more!
HUMBLE BEGINNINGS
Formerly called ‘The Traitor,’ the figure initially held a sack in each hand, presumably containing money he either stole or acquired in a dubious exchange (such as bribery). In the Charles VI card (above), he almost looks like he ran into a trap, baited with the dough. The image is thought to be modelled on pittura infamante (‘shame portraits’) of the Italian Renaissance – horrifically, this punishment was actually inflicted on criminals and Jews. We could also imagine these ‘hermetically sealed’ bags as containing something secret (like the Fool’s bindle) that he won’t release, even under duress – alembics, if you will. In some Minchiate decks (cousin of Tarot), he is simply holding two roundels and is cleaned up to like an acrobat/jongleur.
Although he wasn’t hung thusly, it is also perhaps a reference to Judas Escariot, who was paid 30 pieces of silver for betraying Jesus to the Romans. Silver is the Moon’s metal, gold is the Sun’s, and Christ, the other twin, is characterized as solar/gold – similar in the nocturnal/diurnal sense to Dionysus and Apollo, who both ‘possess’ Orpheus at different times.
In the Visconti Sforza card (left, above), the calm, golden-haired rendition, similar to our TdM figure emerges. We see no money bags (did he even commit a crime?) and his hands are now hidden (tied?) behind his back. If we zoom in, we can see red ‘flames’, ie, life force, dripping from his clothing. Obviously fire doesn’t drip, blood does, but it’s shaped like flames, similar to the red plume escaping from the Charles VI figure’s leg. These flaming blood drips are transferred to the cut branches of his gibbet in TdM.
Beneath his head, just touching his hair is a pool of blue water – again, we are reminded of the head of Orpheus, thrown into the River Hebron, by the maenads. His leggings are green, the colour of new life, yet to ripen, and his very prominent gibbet now resembles a golden doorway. Because of how his leggings seem to be ‘chomping’ him, this card always reminds me of the alchemical Green Lion devouring the Sun image (below), said to represent vitriol (sulphuric acid) dissolving gold.
V.I.T.R.I.O.L. or V.I.T.R.I.O.L.U.M. (‘visita interiora terrae, rectificandoque, invenies occultum lapidem’, or ‘visit the interior of the earth, and purifying it, you will find the hidden stone.’ This is another way of saying, ‘look within yourself for the truth’). This phrase must be present in all Masonic chambers of reflection directly facing the candidate.
In the Vieville version (middle) the number is printed/situated so that we must turn him ‘right-side up’ to read it correctly, thus also bringing the Lunar and Solar mounds either side of his large-ish head into view. Note the Solar mound also contains the planetary spheres. His fingers seem to sprout like angelic wings from his shoulders, symbolic of Mercury elevating the spirit to the realm of the gods (we see this detail in Noblet and Dodal, also). As with the Marseille card, his gibbet now shows 6 cut branches on each side, only here the middle piece upon which he lands or dances has 4.
The Hanged Man dangles by his foot, not unlike a bunch of grapes clinging to a vine, and his wild hair in the TdM version does seem to evoke Dionysus. (Christ purportedly claimed to be ‘the true vine’, unlike that Pagan weirdo).
ALCHEMICAL SCAPEGOAT
Ascending while or following descent is often expressed in myth by the ordeal of a [solar] god – Odin obviously comes to mind in relation to this card, but so do a few other resurrected or ‘twice-born’ gods. The Bacchic-Orphic mysteries also elude to a kind of simultaneous ascent-descent described as ‘rushing into milk’ (‘a bull, you rushed into milk’) or ‘falling into milk’ (‘a kid, I fell into milk’), found on a few of the gold tablets buried with initiates.
Too involved to go into here (please check out the Orphic link posted above the three Pendu cards, if you want to know more), but ‘milk’ is thought to refer to the Milky Way and/or Paradise. Initiates would descend to the Underworld after death, where they were to tell the guardians they are ‘a child of the starry heavens, as you yourselves know,’ have been purified and wish to now return to their rightful place in the stars with their family of gods and heroes.
The Vieville card seems to elude to this concept, with its addition of heavenly spheres. He’s done or doing time here in human form, but will return. You decide which deity.
Aside: I asked musician friends for an example of ascending and descending notes being played/sung simultaneously, in order to possibly better comprehend the card on an emotional level, and was directed to JS Bach’s Chorale Harmonizations. These are just snippets, but have a listen.
In the classic Conver ‘type II’ version (right, above, next to Vieville), the mounds are just slightly differentiated and there is only one cut branch in the middle bough which has been reinterpreted as a little spoon, making 13.
Addendum: I only recently noticed in the Charles Cheminade deck (middle detail, above), one of the oldest existing type 1 TdM examples, the rope our Pendu hangs by is shaped like a spoon, so it must be a reference to the Fool and the ‘ultimate transformation’ process at hand.
His mane is firey like the Sun and his blue leggings are watery, so either things are upside down or the Sun has essentially sunk. A fallen angel? Or a drowned person with hair flowing in the water?
In alchemy, oftentimes what is meant by fire is sulphur and by water, mercury. These are the two prime materials or principals which, along with salt were the three ‘heavenly substances,’ or tria prima – philosophical elements, which, combined with the four classical elements, were thought to be the basis of everything. (3 + 4 pegs in Charles VI card, Empress + Emperor). It’s a bit confusing, because philosophical Mercury is spirit, even though it’s equated with water, and sulphur is soul, although it is fiery. Salt is the physical body. Think of the salt in an hourglass, Le Pendu being like a human version.
XII Le Pendu/The Hanged Man is the middle ‘3’ card (1+2=3); the first being III The Empress (3) and third being XXI The World (2+1=3). Previously, I speculated that The Empress represents the beginning of ‘the work’ and the alembic itself. (All the ‘3’ placement cards – III, VI, VIIII, XII, XV, XVIII, XXI – have this ‘combining’ theme).
In this wonderful illustration, God/Yahweh shines above the slogan A ME VITA (‘from me life’). Messenger/psychopomp Mercury floats just beneath, in spiritual/philosophical form, delivering the life force with his caduceus (pointing it heads downward), waking and overseeing the transformation of the vulgar metals below – each corresponding to a planet/luminary. (On the far left is his own metal ore). The solar and lunar trees have 7 ‘fruits’ in each (a set of parents for every metal?). The space between them forms an alembic shape. From each metal mountain, a stream leads to the fire in an egg-shaped, earthy furnace (watery and fiery purification). In the flames is an orb containing two opposite triangles of water and fire together in perfect union, with a monad (gold/divinity/totality, etc) in the middle.
Compare with Le Pendu, hanging between solar and lunar trees (best example being the Vieville), his firey hair ‘becoming gold’ in a bizarre, purification torture ritual. He ascends as he descends, like two triangles meeting.
The two imperial eagles are akin to the two triangles, yet to meet, eagle being emblematic of ‘the work’ and the process of transformation [Scorpio] that is yet to occur. 3 x 4 = 12. ‘Lovers don’t meet/they are in each other all along.’ [Rumi].
Article about European heraldic and hermetic emblems.
It is Mercury’s passive feminine divine nature, that allows the alchemist to transform one’s life and live more in harmony with the laws of nature. Mercury to the alchemist of today, is a symbol of the sexual waters of creation and the spinal fluid, that brings the carnal desires into submission of the divine mind. Once the alchemist understands the principles of Mercury (mind) and finds balance between its feminine passive force, and sulfur’s (soul) active masculine force, within his or her salt (fixed matter/body), he or she will become the philosopher’s stone, able to turn lead into gold at will. ~ The Wandering Alchemist
TOE-DIP INTO THE OCCULT
The Dali Hanged Man (above) is based on the Waite-Smith Tarot, but gives him the Hebrew letter lamed, in accordance with the French occult school, even though the Golden Dawn assigned mem to this card. Mem means ‘water’ and has to do with (self) reflection.
There are at least five different arrangements of Hebrew letters to Tarot triumphs, which to me makes the whole concept a bit wobbly-legged. Based on the accommodating nature of TdM and what I have read so far on the Hebrew letters, if there is anything to see here, it is likely much more fluid and nuanced than simply ‘this card = that letter.’
Nevertheless, to my limited understanding, the Golden Dawn (and Crowley) choice of mem rather than lamed for the Hanged Man is kind of fitting, considering the wateriness, although in terms of self-reflection, it also works with the Unnamed/Death card.
Most of these schools agree that The Empress = gimmel, the third letter of the Aleph-bet. Although gimmel is never assigned to XII or XXI, it bears a phonetic similarity the word ‘gibbet’ (13th c French). The earliest pictograph for gimmel was a foot. Here are some meanings associated with the letter gimmel. Does it describe the Empress?
– Foot, Pride, Camel
– Lift up (above god = pride)
– The benefactor or the giver of charity; ‘A rich person running to give charity to a poor person.’
– ‘According to Kabbalah, the design of the gimmel is composed of two letters. The first is a vav, represents a person who stands upright. To the person’s left side is a yud, which signifies both the foot and the act of giving.’
– ‘He descended to die for us, he ascends to resurrect us. He is Jacob’s Ladder.’
That last one immediately reminded me of Philippe Camoin’s theory. Jacob’s Ladder was the original ‘Stairway to Heaven’, a hypothetical set of steps by which angels (and thereby souls) ascend and descend.
The ladder is also a Hermetic symbol of initiation into esoteric wisdom, via exoteric knowledge, the first step. This fits with the position of the card, directly following XI, the threshold of the ‘greater mysteries,’ and X, wherein a small portion of of a ladder (two rungs) forms the base of the Wheel. Camoin also points out a little ladder in the Fool’s bindle.
THROUGH A GLASS DARKLY
Esoteric (from Greek ‘within’) is a kind of knowledge that is only realized by ‘meeting it half-way.’ This is different from occult (from a Latin word meaning ‘hidden’), which suggests something outwardly revealed. The difference is subtle, and the two words are often used interchangeably (pet peeve!), but I think the TdM Hanged Man/Pendu exemplifies the esoteric. Each will come to know him on their own, personal terms, by their own projections and reflections.
Since ancient times, mirrors of some material or other have served the function of water (reflecting self/lunar) and fire (reflecting sun/solar). An example of the latter is the concave mirror with which the solar, Olympic flame was lit.
Bacchic-Orphic mystery initiation was thought to involve a simulated death experience wherein one essentially ‘met themselves’. This transformative and purifying ritual, of which little is actually known, was to prepare initiates for the real afterlife ordeal. The fresco detail below depicts the use of reflection in a metal bowl (spiked wine all drank), combined with the comedic death mask. It could be actual or a metaphor.
Consider also how the TdM Pendu’s face also bears a resemblance to the snake-haired gorgoneion – the mask concealing the greatest mystery of all – and how the six, ‘bloody’ branch cuts on each side evoke Medusa’s severed jugular veins; one that flowed with the elixir of rebirth, the other, of death. The Hanged Man hovers in the threshold between the two.
Excerpt snagged from an alchemy group thread:
“The purpose of the mirror was not to allow a person to contemplate himself physically, because scarcely was the mirror put down, when the person lost memory of his own image. The Mirror represents the Divine Spirit. When the soul sees itself in it, it observes the shameful things in itself and rejects them. … Once purified, it imitates and takes as model the Holy Ghost; it becomes spirit itself; calm possesses it and it turns continuously to this superior state in which it knows (the divine] and is known [by it]. Then having become without shadow, it divests itself of the chains that are its own and those it has in common with the body. And what is the word of the philosophers? Know thyself. – from Julius Evola’s interpretation of ‘La Chimie au Moyen Age’ and has been translated into English by E. E. Rehmus
The Hanged Man may not appear to be suffering in physical pain for the simple reason that he isn’t undergoing any or it’s not really the point of this exercise. Rather, the appearance of an unbearable situation is for those of us on the outside to see, that we might grasp the nature of his/our inner process.
Always, the first truth revealed in darkness is…the darkest one; the face of that which we are ashamed or afraid of, hidden from or kept hidden from view, like whatever Le Pendu hides behind his back, while staring squarely at us. Always, the first stage in an alchemical opus is ‘the blackening.’
Possibly the equal Sun and Moon of Vieville indicate an eclipse, ie, a temporary but significant darkening. Only after the shadow is brought into the light of our awareness can the light of the divine self be freely revealed as the complete being (ie, the ‘philosopher’s stone’) in the mandorla/vesica piscis of the World card. The shape is yonic as well as an opened eye; it represents rebirth through renewed vision, an awakening or ‘apocalypse’ which literally means ‘lifting of the veil’. Talk about words that become twisted beyond recognition!
Who hasn’t seen the reflection of their worst and best selves in the eyes of another, or God in the eyes of a beloved or a newborn? The ‘enlightened’ being reflects back to everyone their own, divine nature. 12 is 21, in the mirror.
SACRIFICIAL TO SACRED
Is this the ‘religious experience’ our Hanged Man, traitor to his divine ‘Christ’ self, has yet to experience? In making a sacrifice of his ‘sins’ or lesser being, the gods receive them as sacred gifts. Indeed, it was common practice to tear bits of clothing (or even body parts) from the sacrificed person, now magically imbued. The satyr Marsyas, while being flayed for his hubris at Apollo’s command, cries, ‘Why do you tear me from myself?!’ It’s to reveal the Apollonian within [Edgar Wind, Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance].
Some literally do put themselves through ordeals and physical extremes in the name of ritual purification or sacrifice, similar to cooking/torturing the stone. Others, in the name of martyrdom. Jupiter is the traditional ruler of Pisces, 12th (last) sign of the zodiac, associated with self-sacrifice, self-undoing, martyrdom, and the whole Piscean Age we are currently birthing out of, into Aquarius.
“The festival at which the king of Calicut staked his crown and his life on the issue of battle was known as the “Great Sacrifice.” It fell every twelfth year, when the planet Jupiter was in retrograde motion in the sign of the Crab, and it lasted twenty-eight days, culminating at the time of the eighth lunar asterism in the month of Makaram. As the date of the festival was determined by the position of Jupiter in the sky, and the interval between two festivals was twelve years, which is roughly Jupiter’s period of revolution round the sun, we may conjecture that the splendid planet was supposed to be in a special sense the king’s star and to rule his destiny, the period of its revolution in heaven corresponding to the period of his reign on earth.”
– ‘The Golden Bough’, by James George Frazer (on the Killing of Divine Kings)
“At the end of their reigns, some Irish Kings were sacrificed or slain by having their palaces burned about them while they were either stabbed or drowned in a butt of wine or beer. That is to say, they were sacrificed by the two chief elements controlled by the druids, Fire and Water, the sacrificial draught and the funeral pyre. Their fate was perhaps ritual purification before natural death.” – The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols, Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt, trans. John Buchanan Brown
Since the Solar cycle is a mini Jupiter cycle (12 months vs 12 years), the Sun is Jupiter’s (God’s) son, planetarily speaking. At the end of his 12 year reign, the king would have to die, preferably by suicide. Similarly, the 13th Lunar month in a Solar year ‘kills’ the Sun. “He’s murdering the time! Off with his head!”
Frazer suggests that in some places, this led to the practice of a false king – a substitute victim. Robert Graves writes about similar in Ancient Greece in ‘The Greek Myths,’ and an alternate Gospel from the late Middle Ages declares Christ himself had such a substitute, namely Judas.
The Hanged Man might be seeing his reflection upside down in water, outer and inner worlds reflecting each other, so that 13 branch cuts doubled become 26, the number of YHVH (Yahweh, aka God, Jupiter, Odin, etc). We too might be seeing only a reflection, or someone beneath the water. He does appear bloated, like a drowned body (or perhaps holding his breath). Yet, this is where life begins – in water, in utero, in a bath of mercury…
TO CONCLUDE
In its metal form, the surface of ‘quicksilver’ or ‘water-silver’ (Greek hydrargyros) is essentially a mirror. Mercury never shows its own face, only reflections – masks, as it were. Another fact is that our eyes see everything upside down, our brain turns what we see right side up. Hanging upside down for long periods of time will actually result in reversing this!
The Hanged Man/Le Pendu reveals that there are many different perspectives from which we can view things (Tarot, for one) and sometimes a new outlook can change the course of our lives. When turned ‘right-side up’, as many have noted, he appears to be doing the maenad jig, like the Hermetic-Bacchic-Orphic-Christ-Androgyne in the mandorla, thereby assuring us it’s all necessary, that we all turn upside down in water before undergoing birth trauma and finally re-emerging as a complete being in a state of grace. But at this point, 21 is still a long way off. The ‘dark night of the soul’ has only just begun. ~rb
poem b Efrem K. Weitzman, student at Cooper Union, 1943
(courtesy of Bill Wolf)
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